Notes: Primarily olive-grey w. yellow face,
stripes of short black & longer white feathers on neck.
Breeding adults have an entirely black bill, juveniles and nonbreeding
adults have a yellow base. Ssp leilavalensis is paler
& yellower than largest nominate penicillata; both have yellow
eye-ring. Ssp carteri is strongly tinged yellow, smallest
calconi yellower. Bill of carteri somewhat longer
than the other 3 ssp. Juveniles duller; plume is shorter, less distinct,
often lacking black border.